Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, MD, PhD

Clinical Focus

• Nuclear Medicine
• Radiology
• PET Scan

Administrative Appointments

• Director, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection at Stanford , (2009– present )
• Professor, Bioengineering , (2005– present )
• Director, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) , (2003– present )
• Head, Division of Nuclear Medicine , (2003– present )
• Professor, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program , (2003– present )

Honors and Awards

• Parmley Prize, American College of Cardiology Foundations (2009)
• Stanford University Endowed Professorship, Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor for Clinical Investigation in Cancer Research (2009)
• IOM member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2008)
• Tesla Medal, UK Royal College of Radiologists (2008)
• ASCI member, American Society of Clinical Investigation - honor society for physicans/scientists. (2008)
• Co-Host, Nobel Symposium on Molecular Imaging, Nobel Committtee, Stockholm (2007)
• Paul C. Aebersold Award, Society of Nuclear Medicine (2006)
• Hounsfield Medal, Imperial College, London (2006)
• AMI Top Clinical Abstract Award, Academy of Molecular Imaging (2005)
• SNM Image of the Year, Society of Nuclear Medicine (2005)
• Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2004)
• SMI Achievement Award, The Society for Molecular Imaging (2004)
• Distinguished Basic Scientist of the Year Award, The Academy of Molecular Imaging (2004)
• Doris Duke Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award, Doris Duke Foundation (2004)
• Holst Medal, Philips Corp and TU/e, Netherlands (2003)
• Taplin Award, The Society of Nuclear Medicine (2002)

Professional Education

• Board Certification: Nuclear Medicine, American Board of Nuclear Medicine (1996)
• UCLA Medical Center (1996) CA
• UCLA Medical Center (1995) CA
• UCLA Medical Center (1994) CA
• UCLA School of Medicine (1993) CA
• Ph.D., University of California, LA Biomathematics (1990)
• M.D., UCLA Medical Scientist Training Program (1993)
• B.S., Arizona State University Physics (1983)

Postdoctoral Advisees

• Benjamin Cosgrove, Anca Dragulescu-Andrasi, Hua Fan-Minogue, Eric Gonzalez, Ben Hackel, Henry Haeberle, Aileen Hoehne, Sharon Hori, Mei Huang, Nicholas Hughes, Ken Ito, Michelle James, Jesse Jokerst, Sri Rajasekhar Kothapalli, Pingchuan Li, Natesh Parashurama, Jennifer Prescher, John Ronald, Arghavan Salles, Bin Shen, Abhinav Singh, Bryan Smith, Cristina Zavaleta, Keren Ziv

Web Site Links

• Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford

Industry Relationships

Stanford is committed to ethical and transparent interactions with our industry partners. It is our policy to disclose payments of $5,000 or more, equity valued at $5,000 or more in a publicly traded company, or any equity in a privately held company, to physicians and scientists employed by Stanford University from companies or other commercial entities with which they interact as part of their professional activities. 

• Consulting: Endra, Enlight Biosciences, MDS Nordio Chicago, MediGene, VisualSonics
• Equity: Enlight Biosciences, VisualSonics

Research Interests

My laboratory focuses on merging advances in molecular biology with those in biomedical imaging to advance the new field of molecular imaging. Methods to image gene expression in living subjects have been developed. Newer approaches to image fundamental cellular events with optical and radiolabeled probes are under active investigation. These imaging approaches are expected to have a fundamental impact in the study of cancer biology, as well as in molecular therapeutics including gene therapy

Clinical Trials

• 18 F-fluoride PET/CT versus 99Tc-MDP Scanning for Detecting Bone Metastases Recruiting
• Combined F18 and F18 FDG PET/CT for Evaluation of Malignancy Recruiting
• PET/CT and Whole-Body MRI for Detection of Skeletal and Soft Tissue Metastases Recruiting
• Assessing the suitability of an imaging probe for use in clinical cell and gene therapy trials in cancer and rheumatoid arthritis No longer recruiting
• Comparison of I-124 PET/CT, F-18 FDG PET/CT & I-123 whole body scintigraphy for recurrent thyroid CA No longer recruiting
• Correlation of PET-CT Studies with Serum Protein Analysis Completed
• Investigate Role of Metabolic Imaging in Predicting Tumor Response/Outcome After Pancreatic CA Tx Completed
• Scintigraphic Assessment of I- Transport in Metastatic Breast Cancer and Evaluation of I31I Ablative Therapy: (Part I) Radioiodide Imaging Study Completed

Publications

• Comparison of optical bioluminescence reporter gene and superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agent as cell markers for noninvasive imaging of cardiac cell transplantation. Chen IY,  Greve JM, Gheysens O, Willmann JK, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Chu P, Sheikh AY, Faranesh AZ, Paulmurugan R, Yang PC, Wu JC, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2009 May-Jun; 11 (3): 178-87
• Molecular imaging of phosphorylation events for drug development. Chan CT,  Paulmurugan R, Reeves RE, Solow-Cordero D, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2009 May-Jun; 11 (3): 144-58
• Simulations of virtual PET/CT 3-D bronchoscopy imaging using a physical porcine lung-heart phantom. Yerushalmi D,  Mullick R, Quon A, Fahrig R, Pelc NJ, Fann JI, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2009 Jul-Aug; 11 (4): 275-82
• Protein-functionalized synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoparticles for biomolecule detection and magnetic manipulation. Fu A,  Hu W, Xu L, Wilson RJ, Yu H, Osterfeld SJ, Gambhir SS, Wang SX.  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.  2009; 48 (9): 1620-4
• Endogenous NIS expression in triple-negative breast cancers. Renier C,  Yao C, Goris M, Ghosh M, Katznelson L, Nowles K, Gambhir SS, Wapnir I.  Ann Surg Oncol.  2009; 16 (4): 962-8
• A Novel Method for Direct Site-Specific Radiolabeling of Peptides Using [(18)F]FDG. Namavari M,  Cheng Z, Zhang R, De A, Levi J, Hoerner JK, Yaghoubi SS, Syud FA, Gambhir SS.  Bioconjug Chem.  2009; 20 (3): 432-6
• Embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for treatment of hindlimb ischemia. Huang NF,  Niiyama H, De A, Gambhir SS, Cooke JP.  J Vis Exp.  2009; (23)
• Engineered knottin peptides: a new class of agents for imaging integrin expression in living subjects. Kimura RH,  Cheng Z, Gambhir SS, Cochran JR.  Cancer Res.  2009; 69 (6): 2435-42
• Novel strategy for a cocktail 18F-fluoride and 18F-FDG PET/CT scan for evaluation of malignancy: results of the pilot-phase study. Iagaru A,  Mittra E, Yaghoubi SS, Dick DW, Quon A, Goris ML, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2009; 50 (4): 501-5
• A novel high-sensitivity rapid-acquisition single-photon cardiac imaging camera. Gambhir SS,  Berman DS, Ziffer J, Nagler M, Sandler M, Patton J, Hutton B, Sharir T, Haim SB, Haim SB.  J Nucl Med.  2009; 50 (4): 635-43
• BRET3: a red-shifted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based integrated platform for imaging protein-protein interactions from single live cells and living animals. De A,  Ray P, Loening AM, Gambhir SS.  FASEB J.  2009; 23 (8): 2702-9
• Lymphoid-tissue-specific homing of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells. Creusot RJ,  Yaghoubi SS, Chang P, Chia J, Contag CH, Gambhir SS, Fathman CG.  Blood.  2009; 113 (26): 6638-47
• Imaging gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: from small to large animals. Willmann JK,  Paulmurugan R, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Stein W, Brinton TJ, Connolly AJ, Nielsen CH, Lutz AM, Lyons J, Ikeno F, Suzuki Y, Rosenberg J, Chen IY, Wu JC, Yeung AC, Yock P, Robbins RC, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2009; 252 (1): 117-27
• A potent, imaging adenoviral vector driven by the cancer-selective mucin-1 promoter that targets breast cancer metastasis. Huyn ST,  Burton JB, Sato M, Carey M, Gambhir SS, Wu L.  Clin Cancer Res.  2009; 15 (9): 3126-34
• Tumor Metabolic Phenotypes on 18F FDG PET. Iagaru AH,  Gambhir SS, Goris ML.  J Nucl Med.  2009;
• Comparison of optical bioluminescence reporter gene and superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agent as cellmarkers for noninvasice imaging of cardiac cell transplantation Chen IY,  Geve J, Willmann J, Rodriguez-Procel M,Chu P, Sheikh A, Faranesh A, Paulmurugan R,Yang P,Wu J,Gambhi.  Molecular Imaging and Biology.  2009; 11 (3): 178-87
• Engineered two-helix small proteins for molecular recognition Webster JM,  Zhang R, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z, Syud FA.  Chembiochem.  2009; 10 (8): 1293-6
• Molecular Imaging of phosphorylation events for drug development. Chan CT,  Paulmurugan R, Reeves RE, Solow-Cordero D, Gambhir SS..  Molecular Imaging and Biology.  2009; 11 (3): 144-58
• Trafficking mesenchymal stem cell engraftment and differentiation in tumor-bearing mice by bioluminescence imaging. Wang H,  Cao F, De A, Cao Y, Contag C, Gambhir SS, Wu JC, Chen X.  Stem Cells.  2009; 27 (7): 1548-58
• Efficacy of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma. Mittra E,  El-Maghraby T, Rodriguez CA, Quon A, Ross McDougall I, Gambhir SS, Iagaru A.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2009;
• Cys-diabody Quantum Dot Conjugates (ImmunoQdots) for Cancer Marker Detection. Barat B,  Sirk SJ, McCabe KE, Li J, Lepin EJ, Remenyi R, Koh AL, Olafsen T, Gambhir SS, Weiss S, Wu AM.  Bioconjug Chem.  2009;
• A novel estrogen receptor intramolecular folding-based titratable transgene expression system. Paulmurugan R,  Padmanabhan P, Ahn BC, Ray S, Willmann JK, Massoud TF, Biswal S, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2009; 17 (10): 1703-11
• Multiplexed imaging of surface enhanced Raman scattering nanotags in living mice using noninvasive Raman spectroscopy. Zavaleta CL,  Smith BR, Walton I, Doering W, Davis G, Shojaei B, Natan MJ, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2009; 106 (32): 13511-6
• Visualizing implanted tumors in mice with magnetic resonance imaging using magnetotactic bacteria. Benoit MR,  Mayer D, Barak Y, Chen IY, Hu W, Cheng Z, Wang SX, Spielman DM, Gambhir SS, Matin A.  Clin Cancer Res.  2009; 15 (16): 5170-7
• A 2-helix small protein labeled with 68Ga for PET imaging of HER2 expression. Ren G,  Zhang R, Liu Z, Webster JM, Miao Z, Gambhir SS, Syud FA, Cheng Z.  J Nucl Med.  2009; 50 (9): 1492-9
• A potent, imaging advenoviral vector driven by the cancer-selective mucin-1 promoter that targets breast cancer metastasis Huyn S,  Burton J, Sato M, Carey M, Gambhir SS, Wu L.  Clinical Cancer Research.  2009; 15 (9): 3126-3134
• Controlling the selection stringency of phage display using a microfluidic device Liu, Y,  Adams J, Turner, K, Cochran F, Gambhir SS, Soh H.  Lab on a Chip.  2009; 9 1033-1036
• Lymphoid tissue-specific homing of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells Creusot R,  Yaghoubi S, Chang P, Chia J, Contag C, Gambhir SS, Fathman C.  Blood.  2009; 113 (26): 6638-47
• A novel high-sensitivity rapid acquisition single photon cardiac imaging camera Gambhir SS,  Berman D, Ziffer J, Nagler M, Sandler M, Patton J, Hutton B, Sharir T, Haim S.  Journal of Nuclear Medicine.  2009; 50 (4): 635-643
• Endogenous NIS expression in triple negative breast cancers Renier C,  Yao C, Goris M, Ghosh M, Katznelson L, Nowles K, Gambhir SS, Wapnir I.  Annals of Surgical Oncology.  2009; 16 (4): 962-968
• Non-invasive detection of therapeutic cytolytic t-cells with 18F-FHBG PET in a patient with glioma Yaghoubi S,  Jensen M, Sastyamurthy N, Pubhiraja S, Paid D, Czernin J, Gambhir SS.  Nature Clinical Practice Oncology.  2009; 6 (1): 53-58
• Protein-functionalized synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoparticles for biomolecular detection and magnetic manipulation Fu A,  Hu W, Xu L, Wilson R, Yu H, Osterfeld S, Gambhir SS, Wang S.  Angewandte Chemie International Edition.  2009; 48 (9): 1620-1624
• Human adipose tissue-derived menesenchymal stromal cells as vehicles for tumor bystander effect: A model based on bioluminescence imaging Vilalta M,  Degano I, Bago J, Aguilar E, Gambhir SS, Rubio N, Blanco J.  Gene Therapy.  2009; 16 (4): 547-557
• Melanin-targeted preclinical PET imaging of melanoma metastasis. Ren G,  Miao Z, Liu H, Jiang L, Limpa-Amara N, Mahmood A, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z.  J Nucl Med.  2009; 50 (10): 1692-9
• (64)Cu-Labeled Affibody Molecules for Imaging of HER2 Expressing Tumors. Cheng Z,  De Jesus OP, Kramer DJ, De A, Webster JM, Gheysens O, Levi J, Namavari M, Wang S, Park JM, Zhang R, Liu H, Lee B, Syud FA, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2009;
• A strategy for blood biomarker amplification and localization using ultrasound. D'Souza AL,  Tseng JR, Pauly KB, Guccione S, Rosenberg J, Gambhir SS, Glazer GM.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2009; 106 (40): 17152-7
• Particle size, surface coating, and PEGylation influence the biodistribution of quantum dots in living mice. Schipper ML,  Iyer G, Koh AL, Cheng Z, Ebenstein Y, Aharoni A, Keren S, Bentolila LA, Li J, Rao J, Chen X, Banin U, Wu AM, Sinclair R, Weiss S, Gambhir SS.  Small.  2009; 5 (1): 126-34
• Matrix-insensitive protein assays push the limits of biosensors in medicine. Gaster RS,  Hall DA, Nielsen CH, Osterfeld SJ, Yu H, Mach KE, Wilson RJ, Murmann B, Liao JC, Gambhir SS, Wang SX.  Nat Med.  2009; 15 (11): 1327-32
• Stem cell-mediated accelerated bone healing observed with in vivo molecular and small animal imaging technologies in a model of skeletal injury. Lee SW,  Padmanabhan P, Ray P, Gambhir SS, Doyle T, Contag C, Goodman SB, Biswal S.  J Orthop Res.  2009; 27 (3): 295-302
• Noninvasive detection of therapeutic cytolytic T cells with 18F-FHBG PET in a patient with glioma. Yaghoubi SS,  Jensen MC, Satyamurthy N, Budhiraja S, Paik D, Czernin J, Gambhir SS.  Nat Clin Pract Oncol.  2009; 6 (1): 53-8
• (18)F-FDG-PET/CT evaluation of response to treatment in lymphoma: when is the optimal time for the first re-evaluation scan? Iagaru A,  Wang Y, Mari C, Quon A, Goris ML, Horning S, Gambhir SS.  Hell J Nucl Med.  2008 Sep-Dec; 11 (3): 153-6
• Molecular imaging of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and von Hippel-Lindau interaction in mice. Choi CY,  Chan DA, Paulmurugan R, Sutphin PD, Le QT, Koong AC, Zundel W, Gambhir SS, Giaccia AJ.  Mol Imaging.  2008 May-Jun; 7 (3): 139-46
• Cell-free metabolic engineering promotes high-level production of bioactive Gaussia princeps luciferase. Goerke AR,  Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Swartz JR.  Metab Eng.  2008 May-Jul; 10 (3-4): 187-200
• The synthesis of 18F-FDS and its potential application in molecular imaging. Li ZB,  Wu Z, Cao Q, Dick DW, Tseng JR, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2008 Mar-Apr; 10 (2): 92-8
• Semiautomated radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of [18F]FEAU: a novel PET imaging agent for HSV1-tk/sr39tk reporter gene expression. Chin FT,  Namavari M, Levi J, Subbarayan M, Ray P, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2008 Mar-Apr; 10 (2): 82-91
• Direct site-specific radiolabeling of an Affibody protein with 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde via oxime chemistry. Namavari M,  Padilla De Jesus O, Cheng Z, De A, Kovacs E, Levi J, Zhang R, Hoerner JK, Grade H, Syud FA, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2008 Jul-Aug; 10 (4): 177-81
• 123I MIBG mapping with intraoperative gamma probe for recurrent neuroblastoma. Iagaru A,  Peterson D, Quon A, Dutta S, Twist C, Daghighian F, Gambhir SS, Albanese C.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2008 Jan-Feb; 10 (1): 19-23
• Noninvasive molecular neuroimaging using reporter genes: part II, experimental, current, and future applications. Massoud TF,  Singh A, Gambhir SS.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.  2008; 29 (3): 409-18
• A comparison between a time domain and continuous wave small animal optical imaging system. Keren S,  Gheysens O, Levin CS, Gambhir SS.  IEEE Trans Med Imaging.  2008; 27 (1): 58-63
• Tissue-targeted therapy of autoimmune diabetes using dendritic cells transduced to express IL-4 in NOD mice. Creusot RJ,  Yaghoubi SS, Kodama K, Dang DN, Dang VH, Breckpot K, Thielemans K, Gambhir SS, Fathman CG.  Clin Immunol.  2008; 127 (2): 176-87
• Imaging of VEGF receptor in a rat myocardial infarction model using PET. Rodriguez-Porcel M,  Cai W, Gheysens O, Willmann JK, Chen K, Wang H, Chen IY, He L, Wu JC, Li ZB, Mohamedali KA, Kim S, Rosenblum MG, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 (4): 667-73
• Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy. Keren S,  Zavaleta C, Cheng Z, de la Zerda A, Gheysens O, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2008; 105 (15): 5844-9
• Real-time intravital imaging of RGD-quantum dot binding to luminal endothelium in mouse tumor neovasculature. Smith BR,  Cheng Z, De A, Koh AL, Sinclair R, Gambhir SS.  Nano Lett.  2008; 8 (9): 2599-606
• Small-animal PET imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 expression with site-specific 18F-labeled protein scaffold molecules. Cheng Z,  De Jesus OP, Namavari M, De A, Levi J, Webster JM, Zhang R, Lee B, Syud FA, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 (5): 804-13
• A human estrogen receptor (ER)alpha mutation with differential responsiveness to nonsteroidal ligands: novel approaches for studying mechanism of ER action. Paulmurugan R,  Tamrazi A, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Gambhir SS.  Mol Endocrinol.  2008; 22 (7): 1552-64
• Molecualr imaging of cancer: from molecules to humans. Introduction. Gambhir SS,  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 Suppl 2 1S-4S
• A generalizable strategy for imaging pre-mRNA levels in living subjects using spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. Walls ZF,  Puttaraju M, Temple GF, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 (7): 1146-54
• Molecular imaging in drug development. Willmann JK,  van Bruggen N, Dinkelborg LM, Gambhir SS.  Nat Rev Drug Discov.  2008; 7 (7): 591-607
• Perspectives of molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy in lymphoma. Iagaru A,  Goris ML, Gambhir SS.  Radiol Clin North Am.  2008; 46 (2): 243-52, viii
• A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. Schipper ML,  Nakayama-Ratchford N, Davis CR, Kam NW, Chu P, Liu Z, Sun X, Dai H, Gambhir SS.  Nat Nanotechnol.  2008; 3 (4): 216-21
• Applications of lentiviral vectors in noninvasive molecular imaging. De A,  Yaghoubi SS, Gambhir SS.  Methods Mol Biol.  2008; 433 177-202
• Targeted microbubbles for imaging tumor angiogenesis: assessment of whole-body biodistribution with dynamic micro-PET in mice. Willmann JK,  Cheng Z, Davis C, Lutz AM, Schipper ML, Nielsen CH, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2008; 249 (1): 212-9
• Dual-targeted contrast agent for US assessment of tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Willmann JK,  Lutz AM, Paulmurugan R, Patel MR, Chu P, Rosenberg J, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2008; 248 (3): 936-44
• Noninvasive imaging of therapeutic gene expression using a bidirectional transcriptional amplification strategy. Ray S,  Paulmurugan R, Patel MR, Ahn BC, Wu L, Carey M, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2008; 16 (11): 1848-56
• Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. De la Zerda A,  Zavaleta C, Keren S, Vaithilingam S, Bodapati S, Liu Z, Levi J, Smith BR, Ma TJ, Oralkan O, Cheng Z, Chen X, Dai H, Khuri-Yakub BT, Gambhir SS.  Nat Nanotechnol.  2008; 3 (9): 557-62
• Monitoring caspase-3 activation with a multimodality imaging sensor in living subjects. Ray P,  De A, Patel M, Gambhir SS.  Clin Cancer Res.  2008; 14 (18): 5801-9
• 90Y-ibritumomab therapy in refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: observations from 111In-ibritumomab pretreatment imaging. Iagaru A,  Gambhir SS, Goris ML.  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 (11): 1809-12
• Transcriptional and functional profiling of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cao F,  Wagner RA, Wilson KD, Xie X, Fu JD, Drukker M, Lee A, Li RA, Gambhir SS, Weissman IL, Robbins RC, Wu JC.  PLoS One.  2008; 3 (10): e3474
• (18)F and (18)FDG PET imaging of osteosarcoma to non-invasively monitor in situ changes in cellular proliferation and bone differentiation upon MYC inactivation. Arvanitis C,  Bendapudi PK, Tseng JR, Gambhir SS, Felsher DW.  Cancer Biol Ther.  2008; 7 (12): 1947-51
• Comparison between adenoviral and retroviral vectors for the transduction of the thymidine kinase PET reporter gene in rat mesenchymal stem cells. Roelants V,  Labar D, de Meester C, Havaux X, Tabilio A, Gambhir SS, Di Ianni M, Bol A, Bertrand L, Vanoverschelde JL.  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 (11): 1836-44
• 18F-FDG PET/CT evaluation of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Iagaru AH,  Mittra ES, McDougall IR, Quon A, Gambhir SS.  Nucl Med Commun.  2008; 29 (12): 1046-51
• Chapter 7. Molecular imaging of tumor vasculature. Cai W,  Gambhir SS, Chen X.  Methods Enzymol.  2008; 445 141-76
• Cancer screening: a mathematical model relating secreted blood biomarker levels to tumor sizes. Lutz AM,  Willmann JK, Cochran FV, Ray P, Gambhir SS.  PLoS Med.  2008; 5 (8): e170
• Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. Zavaleta C,  de la Zerda A, Liu Z, Keren S, Cheng Z, Schipper M, Chen X, Dai H, Gambhir SS.  Nano Lett.  2008; 8 (9): 2800-5
• Dual targeted contrast agent for US assessment of tumor angiogenesis in vivo Willmann J,  Lutz A, Paulmurugan R, Patel M, Chu P, Rosenberg J, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2008; 248 (3): 936-944
• Targeted microbubbles for imaging tumor angiogenesis: Assessment of whole body biodistribution with dynamic micro-PET in mice Willmann J,  Cheng Z, Davis C, Lutz A, Schipper M, Nielsen C, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2008; 249 212-219
• Ovarian cancer early detection claims are biased McIntosh M,  Anderson G, Drescher C, Hanash S, Urban N, Brown P, Gambhir SS, Coukos G, Laird P, Nelson B, Palmer C.  Clinical Center Researh.  2008; 14 (22): 7574
• Applications of lentiviral vectors in non-invasive molecular imaging De A,  Yaghoubi S, Gambhir SS.  Methods in Molecular Biology.  2008; 433 (1): 177-202
• Comparison between adenoviral and retroviral vectors for the transduction of the thymidine kinase PET reporter gene in rat mesenchymal stem cells Roelants V,  Labar D, DeMeester C, Havaux X, Tabilio A, Gambhir SS, Dilanni M, Bertrand L, Vanoverschelde J.  Journal of Nuclear Medicine.  2008; 49 (11): 1836-1844
• 90Y Ibritumomal therapy in refractory non-Hodgkins lymphoma: Observations from 111 in-ibritumomab pre-treatment imaging Iagaru A,  Gambhir SS, Goris M.  Journal of Nuclear Medicine.  2008; 49 (11): 1809-1812
• Monitoring of the biological response to murine hindlimb ischemia with 64Cu-labeled vascular endothelial growth factor-121 positron emission tomography. Willmann JK,  Chen K, Wang H, Paulmurugan R, Rollins M, Cai W, Wang DS, Chen IY, Gheysens O, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Circulation.  2008; 117 (7): 915-22
• Molecular imaging of the efficacy of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors in living subjects. Chan CT,  Paulmurugan R, Gheysens OS, Kim J, Chiosis G, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2008; 68 (1): 216-26
• US imaging of tumor angiogenesis with microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 in mice. Willmann JK,  Paulmurugan R, Chen K, Gheysens O, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Lutz AM, Chen IY, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2008; 246 (2): 508-18
• BRET-based method for detection of specific RNA species. Walls ZF,  Gambhir SS.  Bioconjug Chem.  2008; 19 (1): 178-84
• Preclinical efficacy of the c-Met inhibitor CE-355621 in a U87 MG mouse xenograft model evaluated by 18F-FDG small-animal PET. Tseng JR,  Kang KW, Dandekar M, Yaghoubi S, Lee JH, Christensen JG, Muir S, Vincent PW, Michaud NR, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2008; 49 (1): 129-34
• Noninvasive molecular neuroimaging using reporter genes: part I, principles revisited. Massoud TF,  Singh A, Gambhir SS.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.  2008; 29 (2): 229-34
• Monitoring caspase-3 activation with a multimodality imaging sensor in living subjects Ray P,  De A, Patel M, Gambhir SS.  Clinical Cancer Research.  2008; 14 (18): 5801-5809
• Initial evaluation of 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET/CT scanning for primary pancreatic cancer. Quon A,  Chang ST, Chin F, Kamaya A, Dick DW, Loo BW, Gambhir SS, Koong AC.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2008; 35 (3): 527-31
• 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose accumulation in ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Lutz AM,  Ray P, Willmann JK, Drescher C, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2007 Sep-Oct; 9 (5): 260-6
• Multimodality imaging of T-cell hybridoma trafficking in collagen-induced arthritic mice: image-based estimation of the number of cells accumulating in mouse paws. Yaghoubi SS,  Creusot RJ, Ray P, Fathman CG, Gambhir SS.  J Biomed Opt.  2007 Nov-Dec; 12 (6): 064025
• Fluorescent fructose derivatives for imaging breast cancer cells. Levi J,  Cheng Z, Gheysens O, Patel M, Chan CT, Wang Y, Namavari M, Gambhir SS.  Bioconjug Chem.  2007 May-Jun; 18 (3): 628-34
• In vivo bioluminescence tumor imaging of RGD peptide-modified adenoviral vector encoding firefly luciferase reporter gene. Niu G,  Xiong Z, Cheng Z, Cai W, Gambhir SS, Xing L, Chen X.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2007 May-Jun; 9 (3): 126-34
• 64Cu-labeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for microPET imaging of melanocortin 1 receptor expression. Cheng Z,  Xiong Z, Subbarayan M, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Bioconjug Chem.  2007 May-Jun; 18 (3): 765-72
• Evaluation of herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase-mediated trapping of (131)I FIAU and prodrug activation of ganciclovir as a synergistic cancer radio/chemotherapy. Schipper ML,  Goris ML, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2007 May-Jun; 9 (3): 110-6
• Standardized uptake value atlas: characterization of physiological 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose uptake in normal tissues. Wang Y,  Chiu E, Rosenberg J, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2007 Mar-Apr; 9 (2): 83-90
• Oxygen sensitivity of reporter genes: implications for preclinical imaging of tumor hypoxia. Cecic I,  Chan DA, Sutphin PD, Ray P, Gambhir SS, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE.  Mol Imaging.  2007 Jul-Aug; 6 (4): 219-28
• 2-Deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of melanoma. Iagaru A,  Quon A, Johnson D, Gambhir SS, McDougall IR.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2007 Jan-Feb; 9 (1): 50-7
• Cardiovascular molecular imaging. Wu JC,  Bengel FM, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2007; 244 (2): 337-55
• Studying the biodistribution of positron emission tomography reporter probes in mice. Yaghoubi SS,  Berger F, Gambhir SS.  Nat Protoc.  2007; 2 (7): 1752-5
• Red-shifted Renilla reniformis luciferase variants for imaging in living subjects. Loening AM,  Wu AM, Gambhir SS.  Nat Methods.  2007; 4 (8): 641-3
• An improved bioluminescence resonance energy transfer strategy for imaging intracellular events in single cells and living subjects. De A,  Loening AM, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2007; 67 (15): 7175-83
• Molecular imaging can accelerate anti-angiogenic drug development and testing. Iagaru A,  Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Nat Clin Pract Oncol.  2007; 4 (10): 556-7
• Molecular imaging: integration of molecular imaging into the musculoskeletal imaging practice. Biswal S,  Resnick DL, Hoffman JM, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2007; 244 (3): 651-71
• microPET-based biodistribution of quantum dots in living mice. Schipper ML,  Cheng Z, Lee SW, Bentolila LA, Iyer G, Rao J, Chen X, Wu AM, Weiss S, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2007; 48 (9): 1511-8
• Bisdeoxycoelenterazine derivatives for improvement of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. Levi J,  De A, Cheng Z, Gambhir SS.  J Am Chem Soc.  2007; 129 (39): 11900-1
• Differentiation, survival, and function of embryonic stem cell derived endothelial cells for ischemic heart disease. Li Z,  Wu JC, Sheikh AY, Kraft D, Cao F, Xie X, Patel M, Gambhir SS, Robbins RC, Cooke JP, Wu JC.  Circulation.  2007; 116 (11 Suppl): I46-54
• Crystal structures of the luciferase and green fluorescent protein from Renilla reniformis. Loening AM,  Fenn TD, Gambhir SS.  J Mol Biol.  2007; 374 (4): 1017-28
• Glia-dependent TGF-beta signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Luo J,  Ho PP, Buckwalter MS, Hsu T, Lee LY, Zhang H, Kim DK, Kim SJ, Gambhir SS, Steinman L, Wyss-Coray T.  J Clin Invest.  2007; 117 (11): 3306-15
• Dual-function probe for PET and near-infrared fluorescence imaging of tumor vasculature. Cai W,  Chen K, Li ZB, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  J Nucl Med.  2007; 48 (11): 1862-70
• Molecular imaging techniques in body imaging. Margolis DJ,  Hoffman JM, Herfkens RJ, Jeffrey RB, Quon A, Gambhir SS.  Radiology.  2007; 245 (2): 333-56
• Regulatory and reimbursement challenges for molecular imaging. Hoffman JM,  Gambhir SS, Kelloff GJ.  Radiology.  2007; 245 (3): 645-60
• Design and evaluation of a variable aperture collimator for conformal radiotherapy of small animals using a microCT scanner. Graves EE,  Zhou H, Chatterjee R, Keall PJ, Gambhir SS, Contag CH, Boyer AL.  Med Phys.  2007; 34 (11): 4359-67
• Quantum dot imaging for embryonic stem cells. Lin S,  Xie X, Patel MR, Yang YH, Li Z, Cao F, Gheysens O, Zhang Y, Gambhir SS, Rao JH, Wu JC.  BMC Biotechnol.  2007; 7 67
• Small-animal PET of melanocortin 1 receptor expression using a 18F-labeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog. Cheng Z,  Zhang L, Graves E, Xiong Z, Dandekar M, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2007; 48 (6): 987-94
• Reproducibility of 18F-FDG microPET studies in mouse tumor xenografts. Dandekar M,  Tseng JR, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2007; 48 (4): 602-7
• Construction and validation of improved triple fusion reporter gene vectors for molecular imaging of living subjects. Ray P,  Tsien R, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2007; 67 (7): 3085-93
• Detection of bone metastases: assessment of integrated FDG PET/CT imaging. Taira AV,  Herfkens RJ, Gambhir SS, Quon A.  Radiology.  2007; 243 (1): 204-11
• In vivo optical bioluminescence imaging of collagen-supported cardiac cell grafts. Kutschka I,  Chen IY, Kofidis T, von Degenfeld G, Sheikh AY, Hendry SL, Hoyt G, Pearl J, Blau HM, Gambhir SS, Robbins RC.  J Heart Lung Transplant.  2007; 26 (3): 273-80
• Multimodality imaging of tumor xenografts and metastases in mice with combined small-animal PET, small-animal CT, and bioluminescence imaging. Deroose CM,  De A, Loening AM, Chow PL, Ray P, Chatziioannou AF, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2007; 48 (2): 295-303
• PET imaging of colorectal cancer in xenograft-bearing mice by use of an 18F-labeled T84.66 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen diabody. Cai W,  Olafsen T, Zhang X, Cao Q, Gambhir SS, Williams LE, Wu AM, Chen X.  J Nucl Med.  2007; 48 (2): 304-10
• Combinatorial library screening for developing an improved split-firefly luciferase fragment-assisted complementation system for studying protein-protein interactions. Paulmurugan R,  Gambhir SS.  Anal Chem.  2007; 79 (6): 2346-53
• Noninvasive imaging of molecular events with bioluminescent reporter genes in living subjects. Ray P,  Gambhir SS.  Methods Mol Biol.  2007; 411 131-44
• Impact of integrated PET/CT on variability of target volume delineation in rectal cancer. Patel DA,  Chang ST, Goodman KA, Quon A, Thorndyke B, Gambhir SS, McMillan A, Loo BW, Koong AC.  Technol Cancer Res Treat.  2007; 6 (1): 31-6
• Noninvasive evaluation of immunosuppressive drug efficacy on acute donor cell survival. Gheysens O,  Lin S, Cao F, Wang D, Chen IY, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Min JJ, Gambhir SS, Wu JC.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2006 May-Jun; 8 (3): 163-70
• Near-infrared fluorescent deoxyglucose analogue for tumor optical imaging in cell culture and living mice. Cheng Z,  Levi J, Xiong Z, Gheysens O, Keren S, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Bioconjug Chem.  2006 May-Jun; 17 (3): 662-9
• Merkel cell carcinoma: Is there a role for 2-deoxy-2-[f-18]fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography? Iagaru A,  Quon A, McDougall IR, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2006 Jul-Aug; 8 (4): 212-7
• Evaluation of firefly luciferase bioluminescence mediated photodynamic toxicity in cancer cells. Schipper ML,  Patel MR, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2006 Jul-Aug; 8 (4): 218-25
• Bioluminescent monitoring of NIS-mediated (131)I ablative effects in MCF-7 xenografts. Ghosh M,  Gambhir SS, De A, Nowels K, Goris M, Wapnir I.  Mol Imaging.  2006 Apr-Jun; 5 (2): 76-84
• Imaging chemically modified adenovirus for targeting tumors expressing integrin alphavbeta3 in living mice with mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase PET reporter gene. Xiong Z,  Cheng Z, Zhang X, Patel M, Wu JC, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (1): 130-9
• Quantitative PET imaging of tumor integrin alphavbeta3 expression with 18F-FRGD2. Zhang X,  Xiong Z, Wu Y, Cai W, Tseng JR, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (1): 113-21
• Transcriptional profiling of reporter genes used for molecular imaging of embryonic stem cell transplantation. Wu JC,  Spin JM, Cao F, Lin S, Xie X, Gheysens O, Chen IY, Sheikh AY, Robbins RC, Tsalenko A, Gambhir SS, Quertermous T.  Physiol Genomics.  2006; 25 (1): 29-38
• Visualization of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter activity using a trimodality fusion reporter construct. Padmanabhan P,  Otero J, Ray P, Paulmurugan R, Hoffman AR, Gambhir SS, Biswal S, Ulaner GA.  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (2): 270-7
• In vivo visualization of embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration after cardiac delivery. Cao F,  Lin S, Xie X, Ray P, Patel M, Zhang X, Drukker M, Dylla SJ, Connolly AJ, Chen X, Weissman IL, Gambhir SS, Wu JC.  Circulation.  2006; 113 (7): 1005-14
• Self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging. So MK,  Xu C, Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Rao J.  Nat Biotechnol.  2006; 24 (3): 339-43
• Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Cai W,  Shin DW, Chen K, Gheysens O, Cao Q, Wang SX, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  Nano Lett.  2006; 6 (4): 669-76
• Preclinical safety evaluation of 18F-FHBG: a PET reporter probe for imaging herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) or mutant HSV1-sr39tk's expression. Yaghoubi SS,  Couto MA, Chen CC, Polavaram L, Cui G, Sen L, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (4): 706-15
• Using radiolabeled DNA as an imaging agent to recognize protein targets. Gambhir SS,  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (4): 557-8
• Diagnosis of aseptic deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity in a cancer patient using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (FDG PET/CT). Do B,  Mari C, Biswal S, Kalinyak J, Quon A, Gambhir SS.  Ann Nucl Med.  2006; 20 (2): 151-5
• Evaluation of Firefly Luciferase Bioluminescence Mediated Photodynamic Toxicity in Cancer Cells. Schipper ML,  Patel MR, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2006;
• Significance of one-bead-one-compound combinational chemistry. Chen X,  Gambhir SS.  Nat Chem Biol.  2006; 2 (7): 351-2
• "Flying through" and "flying around" a PET/CT scan: Pilot study and development of 3D integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT for virtual bronchoscopy and colonoscopy. Quon A,  Napel S, Beaulieu CF, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (7): 1081-7
• HaloTag protein-mediated site-specific conjugation of bioluminescent proteins to quantum dots. Zhang Y,  So MK, Loening AM, Yao H, Gambhir SS, Rao J.  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.  2006; 45 (30): 4936-40
• Adenoviral human BCL-2 transgene expression attenuates early donor cell death after cardiomyoblast transplantation into ischemic rat hearts. Kutschka I,  Kofidis T, Chen IY, von Degenfeld G, Zwierzchoniewska M, Hoyt G, Arai T, Lebl DR, Hendry SL, Sheikh AY, Cooke DT, Connolly A, Blau HM, Gambhir SS, Robbins RC.  Circulation.  2006; 114 (1 Suppl): I174-80
• Collagen matrices enhance survival of transplanted cardiomyoblasts and contribute to functional improvement of ischemic rat hearts. Kutschka I,  Chen IY, Kofidis T, Arai T, von Degenfeld G, Sheikh AY, Hendry SL, Pearl J, Hoyt G, Sista R, Yang PC, Blau HM, Gambhir SS, Robbins RC.  Circulation.  2006; 114 (1 Suppl): I167-73
• F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging of extramammary Paget disease of the perianal region. Niederkohr RD,  Gambhir SS.  Clin Nucl Med.  2006; 31 (9): 561-3
• F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT as an imaging tool for staging and restaging cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp. Vasanawala MS,  Wang Y, Quon A, Gambhir SS.  Clin Nucl Med.  2006; 31 (9): 534-7
• An intramolecular folding sensor for imaging estrogen receptor-ligand interactions. Paulmurugan R,  Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2006; 103 (43): 15883-8
• Proteomic analysis of reporter genes for molecular imaging of transplanted embryonic stem cells. Wu JC,  Cao F, Dutta S, Xie X, Kim E, Chungfat N, Gambhir S, Mathewson S, Connolly AJ, Brown M, Wang EW.  Proteomics.  2006; 6 (23): 6234-49
• How molecular imaging is speeding up antiangiogenic drug development. Cai W,  Rao J, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  Mol Cancer Ther.  2006; 5 (11): 2624-33
• F-18 FDG PET/CT evaluation of osseous and soft tissue sarcomas. Iagaru A,  Quon A, McDougall IR, Gambhir SS.  Clin Nucl Med.  2006; 31 (12): 754-60
• PET of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression. Cai W,  Chen K, Mohamedali KA, Cao Q, Gambhir SS, Rosenblum MG, Chen X.  J Nucl Med.  2006; 47 (12): 2048-56
• PET imaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) or mutant HSV1-sr39tk reporter gene expression in mice and humans using [18F]FHBG. Yaghoubi SS,  Gambhir SS.  Nat Protoc.  2006; 1 (6): 3069-75
• Creating self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates. So MK,  Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Rao J.  Nat Protoc.  2006; 1 (3): 1160-4
• Measuring herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase reporter gene expression in vitro. Yaghoubi SS,  Gambhir SS.  Nat Protoc.  2006; 1 (4): 2137-42
• Effects of epigenetic modulation on reporter gene expression: implications for stem cell imaging. Krishnan M,  Park JM, Cao F, Wang D, Paulmurugan R, Tseng JR, Gonzalgo ML, Gambhir SS, Wu JC.  FASEB J.  2006; 20 (1): 106-8
• Near-infrared fluorescent RGD peptides for optical imaging of integrin alphavbeta3 expression in living mice. Cheng Z,  Wu Y, Xiong Z, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  Bioconjug Chem.  2005 Nov-Dec; 16 (6): 1433-41
• Comparison of [14C]FMAU, [3H]FEAU, [14C]FIAU, and [3H]PCV for monitoring reporter gene expression of wild type and mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase in cell culture. Kang KW,  Min JJ, Chen X, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2005 Jul-Aug; 7 (4): 296-303
• Image-guided cardiac cell delivery using high-resolution small-animal ultrasound. Rodriguez-Porcel M,  Gheysens O, Chen IY, Wu JC, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2005; 12 (6): 1142-7
• Noninvasive monitoring of target gene expression by imaging reporter gene expression in living animals using improved bicistronic vectors. Wang Y,  Iyer M, Annala AJ, Chappell S, Mauro V, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2005; 46 (4): 667-74
• microPET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide. Wu Y,  Zhang X, Xiong Z, Cheng Z, Fisher DR, Liu S, Gambhir SS, Chen X.  J Nucl Med.  2005; 46 (10): 1707-18
• Novel fusion protein approach for efficient high-throughput screening of small molecule-mediating protein-protein interactions in cells and living animals. Paulmurugan R,  Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2005; 65 (16): 7413-20
• Functionality of androgen receptor-based gene expression imaging in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Sato M,  Johnson M, Zhang L, Gambhir SS, Carey M, Wu L.  Clin Cancer Res.  2005; 11 (10): 3743-9
• Positron emission tomography imaging of adenoviral-mediated transgene expression in liver cancer patients. Peñuelas I,  Mazzolini G, Boán JF, Sangro B, Martí-Climent J, Ruiz M, Ruiz J, Satyamurthy N, Qian C, Barrio JR, Phelps ME, Richter JA, Gambhir SS, Prieto J.  Gastroenterology.  2005; 128 (7): 1787-95
• Noninvasive imaging of ex vivo intracoronarily delivered nonviral therapeutic transgene expression in heart. Sen L,  Gambhir SS, Furukawa H, Stout DB, Linh Lam A, Laks H, Cui G.  Mol Ther.  2005; 12 (1): 49-57
• Noninvasive imaging of protein-protein interactions from live cells and living subjects using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. De A,  Gambhir SS.  FASEB J.  2005; 19 (14): 2017-9
• Imaging progress of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy in living subjects with positron emission tomography. Yaghoubi SS,  Barrio JR, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Gene Ther.  2005; 12 (3): 329-39
• Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Michalet X,  Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, Tsay JM, Doose S, Li JJ, Sundaresan G, Wu AM, Gambhir SS, Weiss S.  Science.  2005; 307 (5709): 538-44
• Tailoring the pharmacokinetics and positron emission tomography imaging properties of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen single-chain Fv-Fc antibody fragments. Kenanova V,  Olafsen T, Crow DM, Sundaresan G, Subbarayan M, Carter NH, Ikle DN, Yazaki PJ, Chatziioannou AF, Gambhir SS, Williams LE, Shively JE, Colcher D, Raubitschek AA, Wu AM.  Cancer Res.  2005; 65 (2): 622-31
• Studying molecular and cellular processes in the intact organism. Gheysens O,  Gambhir SS.  Prog Drug Res.  2005; 62 117-50
• Reproducibility of 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine microPET studies in tumor xenografts in mice. Tseng JR,  Dandekar M, Subbarayan M, Cheng Z, Park JM, Louie S, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2005; 46 (11): 1851-7
• A new strategy to screen molecular imaging probe uptake in cell culture without radiolabeling using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Cheng Z,  Winant RC, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2005; 46 (5): 878-86
• Non-invasive imaging of a transgenic mouse model using a prostate-specific two-step transcriptional amplification strategy. Iyer M,  Salazar FB, Lewis X, Zhang L, Wu L, Carey M, Gambhir SS.  Transgenic Res.  2005; 14 (1): 47-55
• FDG-PET and beyond: molecular breast cancer imaging. Quon A,  Gambhir SS.  J Clin Oncol.  2005; 23 (8): 1664-73
• Firefly luciferase enzyme fragment complementation for imaging in cells and living animals. Paulmurugan R,  Gambhir SS.  Anal Chem.  2005; 77 (5): 1295-302
• Optimizing radiolabeled engineered anti-p185HER2 antibody fragments for in vivo imaging. Olafsen T,  Kenanova VE, Sundaresan G, Anderson AL, Crow D, Yazaki PJ, Li L, Press MF, Gambhir SS, Williams LE, Wong JY, Raubitschek AA, Shively JE, Wu AM.  Cancer Res.  2005; 65 (13): 5907-16
• Bioluminescent imaging of melanoma in live mice. Craft N,  Bruhn KW, Nguyen BD, Prins R, Liau LM, Collisson EA, De A, Kolodney MS, Gambhir SS, Miller JF.  J Invest Dermatol.  2005; 125 (1): 159-65
• Multimodality imaging of lymphocytic migration using lentiviral-based transduction of a tri-fusion reporter gene. Kim YJ,  Dubey P, Ray P, Gambhir SS, Witte ON.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2004 Sep-Oct; 6 (5): 331-40
• Optical imaging of Renilla luciferase, synthetic Renilla luciferase, and firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in living mice. Bhaumik S,  Lewis XZ, Gambhir SS.  J Biomed Opt.  2004 May-Jun; 9 (3): 578-86
• Quantitation of cell number by a positron emission tomography reporter gene strategy. Su H,  Forbes A, Gambhir SS, Braun J.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2004 May-Jun; 6 (3): 139-48
• Molecular imaging of cardiovascular gene products. Wu JC,  Tseng JR, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Cardiol.  2004 Jul-Aug; 11 (4): 491-505
• Spontaneous and controllable activation of suicide gene expression driven by the stress-inducible grp78 promoter resulting in eradication of sizable human tumors. Dong D,  Dubeau L, Bading J, Nguyen K, Luna M, Yu H, Gazit-Bornstein G, Gordon EM, Gomer C, Hall FL, Gambhir SS, Lee AS.  Hum Gene Ther.  2004; 15 (6): 553-61
• Novel bidirectional vector strategy for amplification of therapeutic and reporter gene expression. Ray S,  Paulmurugan R, Hildebrandt I, Iyer M, Wu L, Carey M, Gambhir SS.  Hum Gene Ther.  2004; 15 (7): 681-90
• Molecular imaging of the kinetics of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in ischemic myocardium. Wu JC,  Chen IY, Wang Y, Tseng JR, Chhabra A, Salek M, Min JJ, Fishbein MC, Crystal R, Gambhir SS.  Circulation.  2004; 110 (6): 685-91
• Noninvasive imaging of enhanced prostate-specific gene expression using a two-step transcriptional amplification-based lentivirus vector. Iyer M,  Salazar FB, Lewis X, Zhang L, Carey M, Wu L, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2004; 10 (3): 545-52
• PET of cardiac transgene expression: comparison of 2 approaches based on herpesviral thymidine kinase reporter gene. Miyagawa M,  Anton M, Haubner R, Simoes MV, Städele C, Erhardt W, Reder S, Lehner T, Wagner B, Noll S, Noll B, Grote M, Gambhir SS, Gansbacher B, Schwaiger M, Bengel FM.  J Nucl Med.  2004; 45 (11): 1917-23
• Gene therapy progress and prospects: noninvasive imaging of gene therapy in living subjects. Min JJ,  Gambhir SS.  Gene Ther.  2004; 11 (2): 115-25
• Molecular imaging of drug-modulated protein-protein interactions in living subjects. Paulmurugan R,  Massoud TF, Huang J, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2004; 64 (6): 2113-9
• Tetraphenylphosphonium as a novel molecular probe for imaging tumors. Min JJ,  Biswal S, Deroose C, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2004; 45 (4): 636-43
• Molecular imaging applications for immunology. Hildebrandt IJ,  Gambhir SS.  Clin Immunol.  2004; 111 (2): 210-24
• Molecular imaging of gene expression in living subjects by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. Bhaumik S,  Walls Z, Puttaraju M, Mitchell LG, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2004; 101 (23): 8693-8
• A tracer kinetic model for 18F-FHBG for quantitating herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression in living animals using PET. Green LA,  Nguyen K, Berenji B, Iyer M, Bauer E, Barrio JR, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2004; 45 (9): 1560-70
• MicroPET imaging of Cre-loxP-mediated conditional activation of a herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene. Sundaresan G,  Paulmurugan R, Berger F, Stiles B, Nagayama Y, Wu H, Gambhir SS.  Gene Ther.  2004; 11 (7): 609-18
• Imaging tri-fusion multimodality reporter gene expression in living subjects. Ray P,  De A, Min JJ, Tsien RY, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2004; 64 (4): 1323-30
• Covalent disulfide-linked anti-CEA diabody allows site-specific conjugation and radiolabeling for tumor targeting applications. Olafsen T,  Cheung CW, Yazaki PJ, Li L, Sundaresan G, Gambhir SS, Sherman MA, Williams LE, Shively JE, Raubitschek AA, Wu AM.  Protein Eng Des Sel.  2004; 17 (1): 21-7
• Bioluminescent monitoring of islet graft survival after transplantation. Lu Y,  Dang H, Middleton B, Zhang Z, Washburn L, Campbell-Thompson M, Atkinson MA, Gambhir SS, Tian J, Kaufman DL.  Mol Ther.  2004; 9 (3): 428-35
• Micro-positron emission tomography imaging of cardiac gene expression in rats using bicistronic adenoviral vector-mediated gene delivery. Chen IY,  Wu JC, Min JJ, Sundaresan G, Lewis X, Liang Q, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Circulation.  2004; 109 (11): 1415-20
• Molecular imaging of homodimeric protein-protein interactions in living subjects. Massoud TF,  Paulmurugan R, Gambhir SS.  FASEB J.  2004; 18 (10): 1105-7
• Synthesis of a new heterobifunctional linker, N-[4-(aminooxy)butyl]maleimide, for facile access to a thiol-reactive 18F-labeling agent. Toyokuni T,  Walsh JC, Dominguez A, Phelps ME, Barrio JR, Gambhir SS, Satyamurthy N.  Bioconjug Chem.  2003 Nov-Dec; 14 (6): 1253-9
• Quantitation of the regional blood flow in the interventricular septum using positron emission tomography and nitrogen-13 ammonia. Hove JD,  Gambhir SS, Kofoed KF, Freiberg J, Kelbaek H.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2003; 30 (1): 109-16
• Optimization of adenoviral vectors to direct highly amplified prostate-specific expression for imaging and gene therapy. Sato M,  Johnson M, Zhang L, Zhang B, Le K, Gambhir SS, Carey M, Wu L.  Mol Ther.  2003; 8 (5): 726-37
• Comparison of [18F]FHBG and [14C]FIAU for imaging of HSV1-tk reporter gene expression: adenoviral infection vs stable transfection. Min JJ,  Iyer M, Gambhir SS.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2003; 30 (11): 1547-60
• Atorvastatin prevents RhoC isoprenylation, invasion, and metastasis in human melanoma cells. Collisson EA,  Kleer C, Wu M, De A, Gambhir SS, Merajver SD, Kolodney MS.  Mol Cancer Ther.  2003; 2 (10): 941-8
• Treatment of metastatic melanoma with an orally available inhibitor of the Ras-Raf-MAPK cascade. Collisson EA,  De A, Suzuki H, Gambhir SS, Kolodney MS.  Cancer Res.  2003; 63 (18): 5669-73
• Molecular imaging of cardiac cell transplantation in living animals using optical bioluminescence and positron emission tomography. Wu JC,  Chen IY, Sundaresan G, Min JJ, De A, Qiao JH, Fishbein MC, Gambhir SS.  Circulation.  2003; 108 (11): 1302-5
• LABAZ1: A metastatic tumor model for renal cell carcinoma expressing the carbonic anhydrase type 9 tumor antigen. Zisman A,  Pantuck AJ, Bui MH, Said JW, Caliliw RR, Rao N, Shintaku P, Berger F, Gambhir SS, Belldegrun AS.  Cancer Res.  2003; 63 (16): 4952-9
• Interrogating androgen receptor function in recurrent prostate cancer. Zhang L,  Johnson M, Le KH, Sato M, Ilagan R, Iyer M, Gambhir SS, Wu L, Carey M.  Cancer Res.  2003; 63 (15): 4552-60
• Positron emission tomography in diagnosis and management of invasive breast cancer: current status and future perspectives. Wu D,  Gambhir SS.  Clin Breast Cancer.  2003; 4 Suppl 1 S55-63
• Noninvasive imaging of lentiviral-mediated reporter gene expression in living mice. De A,  Lewis XZ, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2003; 7 (5 Pt 1): 681-91
• Monitoring protein-protein interactions using split synthetic renilla luciferase protein-fragment-assisted complementation. Paulmurugan R,  Gambhir SS.  Anal Chem.  2003; 75 (7): 1584-9
• Quantitative imaging of the T cell antitumor response by positron-emission tomography. Dubey P,  Su H, Adonai N, Du S, Rosato A, Braun J, Gambhir SS, Witte ON.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2003; 100 (3): 1232-7
• Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Massoud TF,  Gambhir SS.  Genes Dev.  2003; 17 (5): 545-80
• MicroPET imaging of prostate cancer in LNCAP-SR39TK-GFP mouse xenografts. Yang H,  Berger F, Tran C, Gambhir SS, Sawyers CL.  Prostate.  2003; 55 (1): 39-47
• Optical bioluminescence and positron emission tomography imaging of a novel fusion reporter gene in tumor xenografts of living mice. Ray P,  Wu AM, Gambhir SS.  Cancer Res.  2003; 63 (6): 1160-5
• Optical imaging of transferrin targeted PEI/DNA complexes in living subjects. Hildebrandt IJ,  Iyer M, Wagner E, Gambhir SS.  Gene Ther.  2003; 10 (9): 758-64
• AMIDE: a free software tool for multimodality medical image analysis. Loening AM,  Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging.  2003; 2 (3): 131-7
• Positron-emission tomography reporter gene expression imaging in rat myocardium. Inubushi M,  Wu JC, Gambhir SS, Sundaresan G, Satyamurthy N, Namavari M, Yee S, Barrio JR, Stout D, Chatziioannou AF, Wu L, Schelbert HR.  Circulation.  2003; 107 (2): 326-32
• 124I-labeled engineered anti-CEA minibodies and diabodies allow high-contrast, antigen-specific small-animal PET imaging of xenografts in athymic mice. Sundaresan G,  Yazaki PJ, Shively JE, Finn RD, Larson SM, Raubitschek AA, Williams LE, Chatziioannou AF, Gambhir SS, Wu AM.  J Nucl Med.  2003; 44 (12): 1962-9
• Visualization of advanced human prostate cancer lesions in living mice by a targeted gene transfer vector and optical imaging. Adams JY,  Johnson M, Sato M, Berger F, Gambhir SS, Carey M, Iruela-Arispe ML, Wu L.  Nat Med.  2002; 8 (8): 891-7
• Towards in vivo nuclear microscopy: iodine-125 imaging in mice using micro-pinholes. Beekman FJ,  McElroy DP, Berger F, Gambhir SS, Hoffman EJ, Cherry SR.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2002; 29 (7): 933-8
• Positron emission tomography imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rats. Wu JC,  Inubushi M, Sundaresan G, Schelbert HR, Gambhir SS.  Circulation.  2002; 106 (2): 180-3
• Noninvasive, repetitive, quantitative measurement of gene expression from a bicistronic message by positron emission tomography, following gene transfer with adenovirus. Liang Q,  Gotts J, Satyamurthy N, Barrio J, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS, Herschman HR.  Mol Ther.  2002; 6 (1): 73-82
• Positron emission tomography imaging analysis of G2A as a negative modifier of lymphoid leukemogenesis initiated by the BCR-ABL oncogene. Le LQ,  Kabarowski JH, Wong S, Nguyen K, Gambhir SS, Witte ON.  Cancer Cell.  2002; 1 (4): 381-91
• The impact of PET on the management of lung cancer: the referring physician's perspective. Seltzer MA,  Yap CS, Silverman DH, Meta J, Schiepers C, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS, Rao J, Valk PE, Czernin J.  J Nucl Med.  2002; 43 (6): 752-6
• Optimizing prostate cancer suicide gene therapy using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase active site variants. Pantuck AJ,  Matherly J, Zisman A, Nguyen D, Berger F, Gambhir SS, Black ME, Belldegrun A, Wu L.  Hum Gene Ther.  2002; 13 (7): 777-89
• Optical imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rats. Wu JC,  Inubushi M, Sundaresan G, Schelbert HR, Gambhir SS.  Circulation.  2002; 105 (14): 1631-4
• Gene expression tomography. Brown VM,  Ossadtchi A, Khan AH, Gambhir SS, Cherry SR, Leahy RM, Smith DJ.  Physiol Genomics.  2002; 8 (2): 159-67
• Ex vivo cell labeling with 64Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) for imaging cell trafficking in mice with positron-emission tomography. Adonai N,  Adonai N, Nguyen KN, Walsh J, Iyer M, Toyokuni T, Phelps ME, McCarthy T, McCarthy DW, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2002; 99 (5): 3030-5
• Molecular engineering of a two-step transcription amplification (TSTA) system for transgene delivery in prostate cancer. Zhang L,  Adams JY, Billick E, Ilagan R, Iyer M, Le K, Smallwood A, Gambhir SS, Carey M, Wu L.  Mol Ther.  2002; 5 (3): 223-32
• Noninvasive quantitative imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects. Ray P,  Pimenta H, Paulmurugan R, Berger F, Phelps ME, Iyer M, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2002; 99 (5): 3105-10
• Evaluating early dementia with and without assessment of regional cerebral metabolism by PET: a comparison of predicted costs and benefits. Silverman DH,  Gambhir SS, Huang HW, Schwimmer J, Kim S, Small GW, Chodosh J, Czernin J, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  2002; 43 (2): 253-66
• Welcome to the European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. Gambhir SS,  Ell PJ.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2002; 29 (1): 1-2
• Decision analysis for the cost-effective management of recurrent colorectal cancer. Park KC,  Schwimmer J, Gambhir SS.  Ann Surg.  2002; 235 (2): 309-10; author reply 310
• Optical imaging of Renilla luciferase reporter gene expression in living mice. Bhaumik S,  Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2002; 99 (1): 377-82
• Indirect monitoring of endogenous gene expression by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of reporter gene expression in transgenic mice. Green LA,  Yap CS, Nguyen K, Barrio JR, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Sandgren EP, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2002; 4 (1): 71-81
• The impact of 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluoro-D-glucose whole body positron emission tomography for managing patients with melanoma: the referring physician's perspective. Wong C,  Silverman DH, Seltzer M, Schiepers C, Ariannejad M, Gambhir SS, Phelps ME, Rao J, Valk P, Czernin J.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2002; 4 (2): 185-90
• Added clinical benefit of incorporating 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose with positron emission tomography into the clinical evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment. Silverman DH,  Cummings JL, Small GW, Gambhir SS, Chen W, Czernin J, Phelps ME.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2002; 4 (4): 283-93
• Monitoring adenoviral DNA delivery, using a mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene as a PET reporter gene. Liang Q,  Nguyen K, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS, Herschman HR.  Gene Ther.  2002; 9 (24): 1659-66
• Noninvasive imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects by using reporter protein complementation and reconstitution strategies. Paulmurugan R,  Umezawa Y, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2002; 99 (24): 15608-13
• Whole-body skeletal imaging in mice utilizing microPET: optimization of reproducibility and applications in animal models of bone disease. Berger F,  Lee YP, Loening AM, Chatziioannou A, Freedland SJ, Leahy R, Lieberman JR, Belldegrun AS, Sawyers CL, Gambhir SS.  Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.  2002; 29 (9): 1225-36
• Noninvasive imaging of cationic lipid-mediated delivery of optical and PET reporter genes in living mice. Iyer M,  Berenji M, Templeton NS, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2002; 6 (4): 555-62
• Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Gambhir SS,  Nat Rev Cancer.  2002; 2 (9): 683-93
• CL1-SR39: A noninvasive molecular imaging model of prostate cancer suicide gene therapy using positron emission tomography. Pantuck AJ,  Berger F, Zisman A, Nguyen D, Tso CL, Matherly J, Gambhir SS, Belldegrun AS.  J Urol.  2002; 168 (3): 1193-8
• Two-step transcriptional amplification as a method for imaging reporter gene expression using weak promoters. Iyer M,  Wu L, Carey M, Wang Y, Smallwood A, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2001; 98 (25): 14595-600
• Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia: Regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. Silverman DH,  Small GW, Chang CY, Lu CS, Kung De Aburto MA, Chen W, Czernin J, Rapoport SI, Pietrini P, Alexander GE, Schapiro MB, Jagust WJ, Hoffman JM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Alavi A, Clark CM, Salmon E, de Leon MJ, Mielke R, Cummings JL, Kowell AP, Gambhir SS, Hoh CK, Phelps ME.  JAMA.  2001; 286 (17): 2120-7
• 8-[18F]Fluoropenciclovir: an improved reporter probe for imaging HSV1-tk reporter gene expression in vivo using PET. Iyer M,  Barrio JR, Namavari M, Bauer E, Satyamurthy N, Nguyen K, Toyokuni T, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2001; 42 (1): 96-105
• Decision analysis for the cost-effective management of recurrent colorectal cancer. Park KC,  Schwimmer J, Shepherd JE, Phelps ME, Czernin JR, Schiepers C, Gambhir SS.  Ann Surg.  2001; 233 (3): 310-9
• Recent advances in imaging endogenous or transferred gene expression utilizing radionuclide technologies in living subjects: applications to breast cancer. Berger F,  Gambhir SS.  Breast Cancer Res.  2001; 3 (1): 28-35
• Impact of 18F-FDG PET on managing patients with colorectal cancer: the referring physician's perspective. Meta J,  Seltzer M, Schiepers C, Silverman DH, Ariannejad M, Gambhir SS, Phelps ME, Valk P, Czernin J.  J Nucl Med.  2001; 42 (4): 586-90
• A fast nonlinear method for parametric imaging of myocardial perfusion by dynamic (13)N-ammonia PET. Golish SR,  Hove JD, Schelbert HR, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2001; 42 (6): 924-31
• Use of positron emission tomography in animal research. Cherry SR,  Gambhir SS.  ILAR J.  2001; 42 (3): 219-32
• Human pharmacokinetic and dosimetry studies of [(18)F]FHBG: a reporter probe for imaging herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression. Yaghoubi S,  Barrio JR, Dahlbom M, Iyer M, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Goldman R, Herschman HR, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2001; 42 (8): 1225-34
• A tabulated summary of the FDG PET literature. Gambhir SS,  Czernin J, Schwimmer J, Silverman DH, Coleman RE, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  2001; 42 (5 Suppl): 1S-93S
• Direct correlation between positron emission tomographic images of two reporter genes delivered by two distinct adenoviral vectors. Yaghoubi SS,  Wu L, Liang Q, Toyokuni T, Barrio JR, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Gene Ther.  2001; 8 (14): 1072-80
• Impact of whole-body 18F-FDG PET on staging and managing patients with breast cancer: the referring physician's perspective. Yap CS,  Seltzer MA, Schiepers C, Gambhir SS, Rao J, Phelps ME, Valk PE, Czernin J.  J Nucl Med.  2001; 42 (9): 1334-7
• Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice. Wu JC,  Sundaresan G, Iyer M, Gambhir SS.  Mol Ther.  2001; 4 (4): 297-306
• Noninvasive, quantitative imaging in living animals of a mutant dopamine D2 receptor reporter gene in which ligand binding is uncoupled from signal transduction. Liang Q,  Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR, Toyokuni T, Phelps MP, Gambhir SS, Herschman HR.  Gene Ther.  2001; 8 (19): 1490-8
• Monitoring gene therapy with reporter gene imaging. Ray P,  Bauer E, Iyer M, Barrio JR, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Semin Nucl Med.  2001; 31 (4): 312-20
• Quantitative imaging of gene induction in living animals. Sun X,  Annala AJ, Yaghoubi SS, Barrio JR, Nguyen KN, Toyokuni T, Satyamurthy N, Namavari M, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Gene Ther.  2001; 8 (20): 1572-9
• Imaging transgene expression with radionuclide imaging technologies. Gambhir SS,  Herschman HR, Cherry SR, Barrio JR, Satyamurthy N, Toyokuni T, Phelps ME, Larson SM, Balatoni J, Finn R, Sadelain M, Tjuvajev J, Blasberg R.  Neoplasia.  2000 Jan-Apr; 2 (1-2): 118-38
• High-resolution microPET imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen-positive xenografts by using a copper-64-labeled engineered antibody fragment. Wu AM,  Yazaki PJ, Tsai S, Nguyen K, Anderson AL, McCarthy DW, Welch MJ, Shively JE, Williams LE, Raubitschek AA, Wong JY, Toyokuni T, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2000; 97 (15): 8495-500
• A meta-analysis of the literature for whole-body FDG PET detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. Huebner RH,  Park KC, Shepherd JE, Schwimmer J, Czernin J, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Med.  2000; 41 (7): 1177-89
• Quantification of target gene expression by imaging reporter gene expression in living animals. Yu Y,  Annala AJ, Barrio JR, Toyokuni T, Satyamurthy N, Namavari M, Cherry SR, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Nat Med.  2000; 6 (8): 933-7
• Economics of nuclear medicine. Introduction. Gambhir SS,  Q J Nucl Med.  2000; 44 (2): 103-4
• Seeing is believing: non-invasive, quantitative and repetitive imaging of reporter gene expression in living animals, using positron emission tomography. Herschman HR,  MacLaren DC, Iyer M, Namavari M, Bobinski K, Green LA, Wu L, Berk AJ, Toyokuni T, Barrio JR, Cherry SR, Phelps ME, Sandgren EP, Gambhir SS.  J Neurosci Res.  2000; 59 (6): 699-705
• A review of the literature for whole-body FDG PET in the management of patients with melanoma. Schwimmer J,  Essner R, Patel A, Jahan SA, Shepherd JE, Park K, Phelps ME, Czernin J, Gambhir SS.  Q J Nucl Med.  2000; 44 (2): 153-67
• Decision analysis for the cost effectiveness of sestamibi scintimammography in minimizing unnecessary biopsies. Allen MW,  Hendi P, Schwimmer J, Bassett L, Gambhir SS.  Q J Nucl Med.  2000; 44 (2): 168-85
• PET imaging of transgene expression. MacLaren DC,  Toyokuni T, Cherry SR, Barrio JR, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS.  Biol Psychiatry.  2000; 48 (5): 337-48
• A mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene shows improved sensitivity for imaging reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography. Gambhir SS,  Bauer E, Black ME, Liang Q, Kokoris MS, Barrio JR, Iyer M, Namavari M, Phelps ME, Herschman HR.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2000; 97 (6): 2785-90
• Synthesis of 8-[(18)F]fluoroguanine derivatives: in vivo probes for imaging gene expression with positron emission tomography. Namavari M,  Barrio JR, Toyokuni T, Gambhir SS, Cherry SR, Herschman HR, Phelps ME, Satyamurthy1 N.  Nucl Med Biol.  2000; 27 (2): 157-62
• InternetQuestion and Answer (iQ&A): a Web-based survey technology. Dennis RA,  Gambhir SS.  IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed.  2000; 4 (2): 116-25
• Economic evaluation studies in nuclear medicine: a methodological review of the literature. Gambhir SS,  Schwimmer J.  Q J Nucl Med.  2000; 44 (2): 121-37
• Imaging gene expression: principles and assays. Gambhir SS,  Barrio JR, Herschman HR, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Cardiol.  1999 Mar-Apr; 6 (2): 219-33
• A study on the cost effectiveness of sestamibi scintimammography for screening women with dense breasts for breast cancer. Allen MW,  Hendi P, Bassett L, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS.  Breast Cancer Res Treat.  1999; 55 (3): 243-58
• Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals. MacLaren DC,  Gambhir SS, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR, Sharfstein S, Toyokuni T, Wu L, Berk AJ, Cherry SR, Phelps ME, Herschman HR.  Gene Ther.  1999; 6 (5): 785-91
• Decision analysis in nuclear medicine. Gambhir SS,  J Nucl Med.  1999; 40 (9): 1570-81
• The lag of cerebral hemodynamics with rapidly alternating periodic stimulation: modeling for functional MRI. Hathout GM,  Gopi RK, Bandettini P, Gambhir SS.  Magn Reson Imaging.  1999; 17 (1): 9-20
• Assays for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression. Gambhir SS,  Barrio JR, Herschman HR, Phelps ME.  Nucl Med Biol.  1999; 26 (5): 481-90
• Prevalence of myocardial viability as detected by positron emission tomography in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Auerbach MA,  Schöder H, Hoh C, Gambhir SS, Yaghoubi S, Sayre JW, Silverman D, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR, Czernin J.  Circulation.  1999; 99 (22): 2921-6
• Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. Gambhir SS,  Barrio JR, Phelps ME, Iyer M, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Wu L, Green LA, Bauer E, MacLaren DC, Nguyen K, Berk AJ, Cherry SR, Herschman HR.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1999; 96 (5): 2333-8
• ROC and localization ROC analyses of lesion detection in whole-body FDG PET: effects of acquisition mode, attenuation correction and reconstruction algorithm. Farquhar TH,  Llacer J, Hoh CK, Czernin J, Gambhir SS, Seltzer MA, Silverman DH, Qi J, Hsu C, Hoffman EJ.  J Nucl Med.  1999; 40 (12): 2043-52
• Comparison of helical computerized tomography, positron emission tomography and monoclonal antibody scans for evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with prostate specific antigen relapse after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Seltzer MA,  Barbaric Z, Belldegrun A, Naitoh J, Dorey F, Phelps ME, Gambhir SS, Hoh CK.  J Urol.  1999; 162 (4): 1322-8
• MD@: a physician-friendly decision analysis tool. Gambhir SS,  Gupta P, Shepherd JE, Allen MA, Hoh C, Maddahi J, Phelps ME.  MD Comput.  1998 Jan-Feb; 15 (1): 40-8
• Rapid synthesis of a 5'-fluorinated oligodeoxy-nucleotide: a model antisense probe for use in imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Pan D,  Gambhir SS, Toyokuni T, Iyer MR, Acharya N, Phelps ME, Barrio JR.  Bioorg Med Chem Lett.  1998; 8 (11): 1317-20
• Imaging of adenoviral-directed herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression in mice with radiolabeled ganciclovir. Gambhir SS,  Barrio JR, Wu L, Iyer M, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Bauer E, Parrish C, MacLaren DC, Borghei AR, Green LA, Sharfstein S, Berk AJ, Cherry SR, Phelps ME, Herschman HR.  J Nucl Med.  1998; 39 (11): 2003-11
• A new method to estimate parameters of linear compartmental models using artificial neural networks. Gambhir SS,  Keppenne CL, Banerjee PK, Phelps ME.  Phys Med Biol.  1998; 43 (6): 1659-78
• Evaluating tumor biology and oncological disease with positron-emission tomography. Silverman DH,  Hoh CK, Seltzer MA, Schiepers C, Cuan GS, Gambhir SS, Zheng L, Czernin J, Phelps ME.  Semin Radiat Oncol.  1998; 8 (3): 183-96
• Cost-effectiveness analysis in nuclear medicine. Gambhir SS,  J Nucl Med.  1998; 39 (1): 17N-18N
• Noninvasive methods for quantitating blood time-activity curves from mouse PET images obtained with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. Green LA,  Gambhir SS, Srinivasan A, Banerjee PK, Hoh CK, Cherry SR, Sharfstein S, Barrio JR, Herschman HR, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  1998; 39 (4): 729-34
• Dual spillover problem in the myocardial septum with nitrogen-13-ammonia flow quantitation. Hove JD,  Gambhir SS, Kofoed KF, Kelbaek H, Schelbert HR, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  1998; 39 (4): 591-8
• Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET for staging non-small cell lung cancer: a decision analysis. Scott WJ,  Shepherd J, Gambhir SS.  Ann Thorac Surg.  1998; 66 (6): 1876-83; discussion 1883-5
• Analytical decision model for the cost-effective management of solitary pulmonary nodules. Gambhir SS,  Shepherd JE, Shah BD, Hart E, Hoh CK, Valk PE, Emi T, Phelps ME.  J Clin Oncol.  1998; 16 (6): 2113-25
• Cost-effective selection of patients for coronary angiography. Maddahi J,  Gambhir SS.  J Nucl Cardiol.  1997 Mar-Apr; 4 (2 Pt 2): S141-51
• Effect of intraluminal thrombus on abdominal aortic aneurysm wall stress. Mower WR,  Quiñones WJ, Gambhir SS.  J Vasc Surg.  1997; 26 (4): 602-8
• PET in oncology: will it replace the other modalities? Hoh CK,  Schiepers C, Seltzer MA, Gambhir SS, Silverman DH, Czernin J, Maddahi J, Phelps ME.  Semin Nucl Med.  1997; 27 (2): 94-106
• Vitamin C crosses the blood-brain barrier in the oxidized form through the glucose transporters. Agus DB,  Gambhir SS, Pardridge WM, Spielholz C, Baselga J, Vera JC, Golde DW.  J Clin Invest.  1997; 100 (11): 2842-8
• Decision tree sensitivity analysis for cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET in the staging and management of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Gambhir SS,  Hoh CK, Phelps ME, Madar I, Maddahi J.  J Nucl Med.  1996; 37 (9): 1428-36
• A quantitative physiologic model of blood oxygenation for functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hathout GM,  Gambhir SS, Gopi RK, Kirlew KA, Choi Y, So G, Gozal D, Harper R, Lufkin RB, Hawkins R.  Invest Radiol.  1995; 30 (11): 669-82
• Parameter estimation of cardiac geometry by ECG-gated PET imaging: validation using magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. Porenta G,  Kuhle W, Sinha S, Krivokapich J, Czernin J, Gambhir SS, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR.  J Nucl Med.  1995; 36 (6): 1123-9
• Regional myocardial blood flow and glucose utilization in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nienaber CA,  Gambhir SS, Mody FV, Ratib O, Huang SC, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR.  Circulation.  1993; 87 (5): 1580-90
• Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow using 13N-ammonia and reoriented dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging. Kuhle WG,  Porenta G, Huang SC, Buxton D, Gambhir SS, Hansen H, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR.  Circulation.  1992; 86 (3): 1004-17
• Use of the abdominal aorta for arterial input function determination in hepatic and renal PET studies. Germano G,  Chen BC, Huang SC, Gambhir SS, Hoffman EJ, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  1992; 33 (4): 613-20
• Metabolic and functional recovery of ischemic human myocardium after coronary angioplasty. Nienaber CA,  Brunken RC, Sherman CT, Yeatman LA, Gambhir SS, Krivokapich J, Demer LL, Ratib O, Child JS, Phelps ME.  J Am Coll Cardiol.  1991; 18 (4): 966-78
• Parametric images of myocardial metabolic rate of glucose generated from dynamic cardiac PET and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose studies. Choi Y,  Hawkins RA, Huang SC, Gambhir SS, Brunken RC, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR.  J Nucl Med.  1991; 32 (4): 733-8
• A quantitative index of regional blood flow in canine myocardium derived noninvasively with N-13 ammonia and dynamic positron emission tomography. Nienaber CA,  Ratib O, Gambhir SS, Krivokapich J, Huang SC, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR.  J Am Coll Cardiol.  1991; 17 (1): 260-9
• Tracer kinetic modeling approaches for the quantification of hepatic function with technetium-99m DISIDA and scintigraphy. Gambhir SS,  Hawkins RA, Huang SC, Hall TR, Busuttil RW, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  1989; 30 (9): 1507-18
• Simple noninvasive quantification method for measuring myocardial glucose utilization in humans employing positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 deoxyglucose. Gambhir SS,  Schwaiger M, Huang SC, Krivokapich J, Schelbert HR, Nienaber CA, Phelps ME.  J Nucl Med.  1989; 30 (3): 359-66
• Radionuclide evaluation of liver transplants. Hawkins RA,  Hall T, Gambhir SS, Busuttil RW, Huang SC, Glickman S, Marciano D, Brown RK, Phelps ME.  Semin Nucl Med.  1988; 18 (3): 199-212
• A study of the single compartment tracer kinetic model for the measurement of local cerebral blood flow using 15O-water and positron emission tomography. Gambhir SS,  Huang SC, Hawkins RA, Phelps ME.  J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.  1987; 7 (1): 13-20